La conexión francesa de Ángel Garma: psicología y psicoanálisis en la correspondencia con Daniel Lagache / The French connection of Angel Garma: psychology and psychoanalysis in correspondence with Daniel Lagache

El español Ángel Garma (1904-1993) y el francés Daniel Lagache (1903-1972) son dos figuras clave para la psicología y el psicoanálisis del siglo XX. Hemos localizado parte de su relación epistolar en el Archivo Ángel Garma, conservado en Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. El análisis de esta colección nos permite reconstruir la poca conocida relación entre Garma y Lagache, así como profundizar en aspectos biográficos, personales y emocionales de ambos autores. En concreto, buscamos determinar en qué términos personales y profesionales se desarrollaron sus contactos, el nivel de colaboración que establecieron y los resultados científicos y profesionales que pueden identificarse como consecuencia de dicha relación. También nos ha permitido examinar y contextualizar los principales temas de su correspondencia: el intercambio de conocimientos, estrategias de difusión y docencia científica, la relación con colegas y discípulos, y la institu-cionalización del psicoanálisis. Las diferencias que existen entre ambos autores, detectables tanto en sus elaboraciones teóricas, como en su práctica docente y clínica, no les impidió mantener un mutuo respeto intelectual que les llevó a colaborar y brindarse apoyo en la difusión de sus obras respectivas (AU)

Einstein, von Frisch and the honeybee: a historical letter comes to light.

The work of the Nobel Laureate Karl von Frisch, the founder of this journal, was seminal in many ways. He established the honeybee as a key animal model for experimental behavioural studies on sensory perception, learning and memory, and first correctly interpreted its famous dance communication. Here, we report on a previously unknown letter by the Physicist and Nobel Laureate Albert Einstein that was written in October 1949. It briefly addresses the work of von Frisch and also queries how understanding animal perception and navigation may lead to innovations in physics. We discuss records proving that Einstein and von Frisch met in April 1949 when von Frisch visited the USA to present a lecture on bees at Princeton University. In the historical context of Einstein's theories and thought experiments, we discuss some more recent discoveries of animal sensory capabilities alien to us humans and potentially valuable for bio-inspired design improvements. We also address the orientation of animals like migratory birds mentioned by Einstein 70 years ago, which pushes the boundaries of our understanding nature, both its biology and physics.

Charles Darwin did not mislead Joseph Hooker in their 1881 Correspondence about Leopold von Buch and Karl Ernst von Baer.

While Joseph Hooker was considering his upcoming presentation on the geographical distribution of species, he asked Charles Darwin for help with some references. During the ensuing exchange of correspondence, Darwin seems to have contradicted himself, regarding his being aware of Leopold von Buch's observation that distributed varieties become species, prior to writing On the Origin of Species. Literalists and conspiracists have interpreted this apparent self-contradiction as a sign of duplicity and fraud. However, when the correspondence and Hooker's address are analysed in context, there is a more compelling explanation. Simply that, in response to direct questioning by Hooker, Darwin conflated the two names of Von Baer and Von Buch, and made an honest mistake.

I Thought I Must Have Expired - Experiences of Surgery Before Anaesthesia.

In 1812, Frances (Fanny) Burney (born in 1752 and died in 1840) underwent a mastectomy performed by Larry without anaesthesia. In the days after surgery, Burney wrote a letter to her sister, Esther Burney, describing her experience. In total, the letter is four pages long including information on before, during and after the surgery. Although this letter has been cited in numerous texts, it has yet to be analysed from multiple perspectives, shedding new light on the history of anaesthesia.

The American and Canadian wartime godmothers of Belgian soldiers. Joseph de Dorlodot's Correspondence and Documentation Office (1915-1919).

Lieutenant Joseph de Dorlodot (1871-1941), a Belgian aristocrat and philanthropist, was the Director of the Belgian Correspondence and Documentation Office in Folkestone, England. This article uses the 'Joseph de Dorlodot' archive collection (Archives Générales du Royaume de Belgique, Bruxelles) to investigate the emotional support provided by the Correspondence Office during the First World War. Throughout the conflict, its mission was to facilitate the sending of mail between Belgians, to provide them with legal advice and to offer humanitarian assistance to those who were in material and emotional distress. This was particularly the case of soldiers at the front. In the spring of 1916, the Office set up a mail system between Belgian soldiers and wartime godmothers - 'marraines' - from Canada and the USA. Lieutenant de Dorlodot imposed a precise moral and political framework for correspondence, where an intimate space was created in order to strengthen patriotic sentiment on the one hand, and control masculinities and femininities on the other. Through their letter exchanges with soldiers, godmothers participated in the war effort by bringing emotional reinforcement to the front line, from their homes, through a type of caring work often ignored or at least disconnected from any notion of work in the history of the Great War.

"1984": What Orwell could not predict. Proteomic analysis of his scripts.

George Orwell, fighter for the Republican Army during the Spanish Civil War, was shot through the throat by a sniper on 20th May 1937 and nearly killed. After receiving only a summary external treatment, on the 29th, he was cured in a Barcelona hospital where he was infected by the Koch bacillus. After fleeing from Spain on 23rd June 1937, he repaired to his cottage in Wallington, Hertfordshire, wherefrom he wrote a letter to Sergey Dynamov, Editor of Soviet journal "Foreign Literature." This typewritten letter was analyzed by application of five EVA strips (ethylene vinyl acetate studded with strong cation and anion and with C8 and C18 resins; four on the corners and one over his signature), searching for biological traces. Upon elution of the captured biologicals, trypsin digestion and Orbitrap Fusion trihybrid mass spectrometer analyses, three of the five strips yielded clear traces of six unique proteins (via proteotypic peptides) of the tuberculosis bacterium. Additionally, MALDI TOF analysis of saliva of a tuberculosis patient and the EVA strip eluates gave a spectrum of 14 peptide bands (Mr 2700 to 6700 Da range) coincident between the two samples, thus, fully confirming Orwell's pathology. These results are attributed to saliva traces on Orwell's fingertips and to the fact that the letter was written on 2nd July 1937, when Orwell's pathology was at its peak.

Janet-Schwartz-Ellenberger: the history of a triangular relationship through their unpublished correspondence (1926-48).

Leonhard Schwartz's importance in the history of psychology has probably not been fully appreciated, and this article is dedicated to the life and work of the Basel neurologist. It highlights the triangular relationship he maintained for 20 years with Pierre Janet, of whom he was a disciple, and Henri F. Ellenberger, to whom he passed on his passion for Janet's oeuvre.

George Riddoch and Ludwig Guttmann: Wartime correspondence 1940-1947.

Recently discovered primary sources in the form of letters, memoranda and private communications between George Riddoch and Ludwig Guttmann provide much information on the setting up of spinal units in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. The two men developed a close relationship and in Guttmann, Riddoch found a man who had the knowledge, the ability and the energy to implement this shared vision.

História da saúde: a tuberculose nas cartas para Esther (São Paulo, 1905-1919) / Historia de la salud: tuberculosis en las cartas a Esther (São Paulo, 1905-1919) / Health history: tuberculosis in letters to esther (São Paulo, 1905-1919)

OBJETIVO: Na década de 1910 São Paulo, Brasil, passou por sucessivas transformações urbanísticas e sociais, as quais impactaram na história da saúde como as influenciadas pelo medo de epidemias que assolavam a cidade e matavam pessoas sem distinção de gênero, raça ou classe. O estudo objetiva uma análise deste contexto histórico a partir da história de uma sobrevivente, Esther de Figueiredo. MÉTODO E FONTES: Os indícios históricos analisados, referentes a um conjunto de correspondências datadas de 1905 a 1919, escritas por um homem comum para sua futura esposa, permitem indagar sobre as doenças e os medos sociais, bem como analisar as representações da tuberculose a partir da história de uma sobrevivente. RESULTADOS: Os resultados transcendem a trajetória pessoal e possibilitam acessar aspectos inerentes à cultura dos cuidados em um contexto de institucionalização da saúde pública paulistana. CONCLUSÕES: A tuberculose foi uma dessas doenças que mobilizou a ciência médica a procurar meios de tratamento e cura

OBJETIVO: En la década de 1910, São Paulo, Brasil, sufrió sucesivas transformaciones urbanas y sociales, las cuáles impactaron en la historia de la salud, como las influenciadas por el miedo de las epidemias que devastaron la ciudad y mataron las personas independientemente de su género, raza o clase. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar este contexto histórico a partir de la historia de una sobreviviente, Esther de Figueiredo. MÉTODO Y FUENTES: La evidencia histórica analizada, se refiere a un conjunto de correspondencias que datan de 1905 a 1919, escritas por un hombre común a su futura esposa y nos permite indagar sobre enfermedades y temores sociales, así como analizar las representaciones de tuberculosis a partir de la historia de una sobreviviente. RESULTADOS: Los resultados trascienden la trayectoria personal y permiten acceder a los aspectos inherentes a la cultura de los cuidados en un contexto de institucionalización de la salud pública en São Paulo. CONCLUSIONES: La tuberculosis fue una de esas enfermedades que movilizó la ciencia médica para buscar formas de tratamiento y cura

OBJECTIVE: In the 1910s, São Paulo, Brazil, was undergoing urban and social transformations that influenced the history of health. They were affected by the fear of epidemics spread throughout the country and killed people without any regard to gender, race and class. The study aims to analyze this historical context from the history of a survivor, Esther de Figueiredo. METHOD AND SOURCES: Analyzed historical traits, consisting of a set of letters, dated between 1905 and 1919, written by a male to his future wife, make one reflect on diseases and social fear. They also triggered an investigation on the representations of tuberculosis through the history of a person who survived. RESULTS: Results go beyond personal history and accesses aspects inherent to the culture of care within the context of the institutionalization of public health in the city of São Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis was one of the diseases that triggered doctors to search for treatment and cure

Las "Cartas desde Egipto 1849-1850" de Florence Nighingale, también es un viaje espiritual / Florence Nightingale's "Letters from Egypt 1849-1850", a spiritual journey as well

En este artículo se estudia Cartas desde Egipto 1849-1850 de Florence Nightingale (1820-1910). Una colección de cartas escritas por la enfermera británica con la intención de dar noticias a su familia de su viaje a Egipto; cartas que ofrecen datos históricos, culturales, antropológicos, opiniones personales a veces controvertidas y polémicas, y también comentarios sobre la crisis espiritual por la que pasaba en esos momentos de su vida. Una obra importante para entender las decisiones que tomó sobre su futuro en la década de los cincuenta del siglo XIX

In this article we have studied "Letters from Egypt 1849-1850" by Florence Nightingale (1820-1910). A collection of letters written by the British nurse with the intention of giving her family news about her trip to Egypt; letters that offer historical, cultural, anthropological data, personal opinions sometimes controversial and polemic, and also comments on the spiritual crisis that she was going through at those moments in her life. An important work to understand the decisions she took in the 1850s about her future

Cartas do hospício: Memória e esquecimento - rastros e insurgências / Hospice letters: Memory and forgetfulness - traces and insurgency / Cartas desde el hospicio: Memoria y olvido - rastros y insurgencia

Este artigo discute sobre o uso de cartas como fontes de pesquisa e sua articulação com os conceitos de memória e esquecimento, no âmbito da história da loucura. Os autores partem do encontro ao acaso com algumas correspondências escritas no início do século XX, por pacientes do antigo Hospício São Pedro, localizado em Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), as quais ficaram guardadas nos seus prontuários e que, aparentemente, não foram enviadas aos seus destinatários. Os procedimentos de exclusão e a regulação dos discursos daqueles que eram tidos como loucos operou um silenciamento desses sujeitos, tomando seus escritos, exclusivamente, como referentes da sua suposta loucura; entende-se que a dinâmica das relações de poder é capaz de produzir "vidas memoráveis" e "vidas pouco dignas de serem lembradas". Destaca-se o compromisso ético-político de uma perspectiva histórica que se compromete com a "memória dos oprimidos". Este estudo examina alguns "rastros do passado", entendendo-os como possibilidade de insurgência daqueles que foram relegados ao esquecimento, neste caso, lembrar do passado é intervir no presente.(AU)

This article discusses the use of letters as source of research and their articulation with the concepts of memory and forgetfulness, within the history madness. The authors start from the encounter by chance with some correspondences written, in the beginning of the 20th century, by patients of the former Hospício São Pedro, located in Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), which were kept in their medical records and, possibly, were not sent to their recipients. The procedures of exclusion and the regulation of the discourses of those who were considered crazy operated a silencing of these subjects, taking their writings exclusively as referents of their supposed madness; it is understood that the dynamics of power relations is capable of producing "memorable lives" and "lives not worthy of being remembered". The ethical-political commitment of a historical perspective engaged with the "memory of the oppressed" is highlighted. This study examines some "traces of the past", understanding them as the possibility of insurgency of those who have been relegated to oblivion; in this case, remembering the past is intervening in the present.(AU)

Este artículo discute sobre el uso de cartas como fuentes de investigación y su articulación con los conceptos de memoria y olvido dentro de la historia de la locura. Los autores parten desde el encuentro por casualidad con algunas correspondencias escritas, a principios del siglo XX, por pacientes del antiguo Hospício São Pedro, ubicado en Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), las cuales quedaron guardadas en sus expedientes clínicos y que, posiblemente, no fueron enviadas a los suyos destinatarios. Los procedimientos de exclusión y la regulación delos discursos de aquellos que eran tenidos como locos opero un silenciamiento de esos sujetos, tomando sus escritos, exclusivamente, como referentes de su supuesta locura; se entiende que la dinámica de las relaciones de poder es capaz de producir "vidas memorables" y "vidas poco dignas de ser recordadas". Se destaca el compromiso ético-político desde una perspectiva histórica que se compromete con la "memoria de los oprimidos". Este estudio examina algunos rastros del pasado, entendiéndolos como posibilidad de insurgencia de aquellos que fueron relegados al olvido; en este caso, recordar el pasado es intervenir en el presente.(AU)

Visiting Newton's atelier before the Principia, 1679-1684.

The worksheets that presumably contained Newton's early development of the fundamental concepts in his Principia have been lost. A plausible reconstruction of this development is presented based on Newton's exchange of letters with Robert Hooke in 1679, with Edmund Halley in 1686, and on some clues in the diagram associated with Proposition 1 in Book 1 of the Principia that have been ignored in the past. A graphical construction associated with this proposition leads to a rapidly convergent method to obtain orbits for central forces, which elucidates how Newton may have have been led to formulate some of his most fundamental propositions in the Principia.

Anaesthetic or "Antiaesthetic" or "Antaesthetic"? Correspondence From Andrew Buchanan, MD, to James Simpson, MD, Concerning a Name for the Agents Producing Insensibility.

In November 1847, James Young Simpson, MD, of Edinburgh, Scotland, applied the word anaesthesia to the state of narcotism and insensibility produced by the inhaled vapors of sulfuric ether and chloroform, along with the word anaesthetic as an adjective to denote that state and as a generic term for agents capable of inducing the state of insensibility. In March 1848, Andrew Buchanan, MD, of Glasgow, Scotland, penned a letter to Simpson to suggest a more semantically precise word, the spelling of which is not clear in Buchanan's letter. We do not know whether Simpson replied to Buchanan. Simpson continued using the words anaesthesia and anaesthetic in his publications.

Maupassant's folie, from unpublished letters.

Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) was one of the most important storytellers of all times. We analysed some unpublished handwritten letters of Maupassant and provide, from a neuro-psychiatrical point of view, a new medical hypothesis.

'Neither a borrower nor a lender be': Letters from the anaesthetist Joseph Thomas Clover to the Birmingham surgeon Joseph Sampson Gamgee.

The London surgeon and anaesthetist, Joseph Thomas Clover (1825-1882), and the Birmingham surgeon, Joseph Sampson Gamgee (1828-1886), are well known figures in the history of medicine. Draft letters among the surviving papers of Joseph Clover have been transcribed and reveal new information about their friendship, their financial affairs and Clover's motivation to become a full-time anaesthetist. They have also led to the discovery that Gamgee was briefly imprisoned in Warwick County Goal for debt in 1859.